Memory controllers are integrated circuits responsible for managing the data flow between a microprocessor or SoC (System-on-Chip) and various types of memory devices. These controllers handle tasks such as addressing, data transfer, and error correction to ensure efficient and reliable communication between the processor and memory subsystem. Memory controllers support different memory interfaces and protocols, including DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM, NAND flash, and NOR flash, enabling seamless integration of memory modules into electronic systems.