Memory devices encompass a broad category of integrated circuits used to store and retrieve digital data in electronic systems. This includes volatile memory types like random-access memory (RAM) and non-volatile memory types like read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, and various types of storage devices such as hard disk drives and solid-state drives. Memory plays a critical role in data processing, storage, and retrieval across a wide range of electronic devices and applications, from computers and smartphones to embedded systems and IoT devices.