Controllers are interface components responsible for managing and coordinating the operation of various devices or subsystems within an electronic system. They provide control signals, timing, and synchronization to ensure proper operation and communication between different components. Controllers may include microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and other programmable or dedicated control devices. They play a crucial role in embedded systems, robotics, automotive electronics, and industrial control systems, where precise control and coordination of subsystems are required.