Serializers and deserializers (SerDes) are integrated circuits or modules used to convert parallel data streams into serial data streams for transmission and vice versa. Serializers convert parallel data from microcontrollers, sensors, or memory devices into high-speed serial data streams compatible with communication interfaces such as PCIe, SATA, USB, and Ethernet. Deserializers receive serial data streams and convert them back into parallel data formats for processing or storage. Serializers and deserializers enable high-speed data transfer, reduce the number of interconnects, and simplify PCB layout and routing in high-speed communication links, storage systems, and multimedia interfaces.