Counters and dividers are sequential logic circuits used to generate repetitive timing signals, count events, or divide clock frequencies in digital systems. Counters increment or decrement a binary value based on clock pulses, producing a sequence of output states that represent specific counting patterns. Dividers divide the frequency of an input clock signal by a fixed or variable factor, generating output signals with reduced frequencies. Counters and dividers are essential components in timing and frequency generation applications, including clock distribution, event counting, frequency synthesis, and digital signal processing.